Acta Chiropterologica, 6(1): 1-12, 2004
PL ISSN 1508-1109 Š Museum and Institute of Zoology PAS
Molecular differentiation of large species of fruit-eating bats (Artibeus) and phylogenetic relationships based on the cytochrome b gene
Burton K. Lim1, Mark D. Engstrom1, Thomas E. Lee, Jr.2, John C. Patton3,
and John W. Bickham3
1Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, Royal Ontario Museum, 100 Queen's Park, Toronto, Ontario M5S 2C6, Canada; E-mail: Ten adres pocztowy jest chroniony przed spamowaniem. Aby go zobaczyć, konieczne jest włączenie w przeglądarce obsługi JavaScript.
2Department of Biology, Abilene Christian University, Abilene, Texas 79699, USA
3Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
We analyzed the phylogenetic relationships of all eleven currently recognized species of large Artibeus using the cytochrome b mitochondrial gene. The topology from a maximum parsimony analysis included: (1) A. obscurus and A. planirostris as sister species with successively basal lineages of (2) A. amplus, (3) a clade with A. lituratus and A. intermedius, (4) A. jamaicensis, (5) a clade of A. inopinatus sister to A. hirsutus and A. fraterculus, (6) A. fimbriatus, and (7) the most basal lineage of A. concolor. The individual species were monophyletic and well supported by bootstrap and decay values. The monophyletic clade of ((((obscurus + planirostris) + amplus) + (lituratus + intermedius)) + jamaicensis) was also highly supported, although some of the interspecific relationships were less so. Contrary to previous hypotheses of species limits based on a presumed intergradation in body size, A. jamaicensis and A. planirostris do not form a monophyletic group, refuting their conspecificity and supporting an earlier study concluding that these two taxa represent separate morphological populations. An analysis with A. jamaicensis and A. planirostris constrained as sister-taxa resulted in a tree 8 steps longer. In addition, the low genetic pair-wise difference between A. lituratus and A. intermedius (2.8% with Kimura-2 parameters) warrants closer examination of their species limits.
Key words: Artibeus, cytochrome b, Kimura-2, Llanos, parsimony, Venezuela
Acta Chiropterologica, 6(1): 13-21, 2004
PL ISSN 1508-1109 Š Museum and Institute of Zoology PAS
Genetic similarity amongst phenotypically diverse little
free-tailed bats, Chaerephon pumilus
David S. Jacobs1, Geeta N. Eick2, Eleanor J. Richardson3, and Peter J. Taylor4
1Department of Zoology, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
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2Evolutionary Genomics Group, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, South Africa
352 Bowen Ave, Glenmore, Durban, 4001, South Africa
4Durban Natural Science Museum, P.O. Box 4085, Durban, South Africa
The African molossid Chaerephon pumilus shows extensive variation in colour, size and echolocation across its wide distributional range with a light-winged form in north-eastern Africa and a dark form in southern Africa. There is also much variation in supposedly diagnostic characters (e.g., degree of palatial emargination) amongst the dark form of this species in southern Africa. These differences suggest that there may be cryptic species within C. pumilus. We used phylogenetic and phenetic analyses of sequence data from the mitochondrial cytochrome-b gene of a number of C. pumilus individuals to investigate the status of the light and dark-winged forms of this species and to evaluate the possibility of cryptic species within the dark-winged form of C. pumilus in southern Africa. We evaluated species status by comparing the level of sequence divergence amongst C. pumilus with the level of sequence divergence between known species in the genus. These included C. ansorgei, C. chapini, C. nigeriae and C. jobensis. Intrageneric sequence divergences among the Chaerephon spp. included here ranged from 6.51 to 11.18%, whereas the average sequence divergence between the light and dark forms was 0.9%. This suggests that these two forms are not distinct species. Individuals of the dark form of C. pumilus were genetically indistinguishable from each other having the same cytochrome b haplotype. We thus found no evidence of cryptic species in southern African C. pumilus.
Key words: Chaerephon pumilus, cytochrome b, genetics species concept
Acta Chiropterologica, 6(1): 23-48, 2004
PL ISSN 1508-1109 Š Museum and Institute of Zoology PAS
A review of Rhinolophus (Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae) from Myanmar,
including three species new to the country
Paul J. J. Bates1, Mar Mar Thi2, Tin Nwe2, Si Si Hla Bu2, Khin Mie Mie2, Nyo Nyo2, Aye Aye Khaing2, Nu Nu Aye2, Thida Oo2, and Iain Mackie1
1Harrison Institute, Centre for Systematics and Biodiversity Research, Bowerwood House, St BotolphŃs Road,
Sevenoaks, Kent TN13 3AQ, Great Britain; Ten adres pocztowy jest chroniony przed spamowaniem. Aby go zobaczyć, konieczne jest włączenie w przeglądarce obsługi JavaScript.
2Department of Zoology, University of Yangon, Yangon, Myanmar
Rhinolophus stheno, R. acuminatus and R. macrotis are recorded from Myanmar for the first time based on authenticated voucher material. New data from recent surveys (2000-2003) are included for R. affinis, R. malayanus, R. lepidus, R. marshalli, R. pusillus, R. pearsoni, and R. thomasi. Additional records of R. rouxi and R. sinicus are listed on the basis of museum specimens. The status of R. subbadius, R. yunanensis, R. luctus, R. trifoliatus, R. coelophyllus, and R. shameli are reviewed. This brings the total number of Rhinolophus species known from Myanmar to eighteen and the number of all bat species to ninety-four. The possible reasons for the rich diversity of Rhinolophids are discussed.
Key words: Rhinolophus, Myanmar, Burma, systematics, distribution, ecology
Acta Chiropterologica, 6(1): 49-57, 2004
PL ISSN 1508-1109 Š Museum and Institute of Zoology PAS
Presence of Myotis alcathoe Helversen & Heller, 2001
(Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) in the Iberian Peninsula
Pablo T. Agirre-Mendi1, Juan L. García-Mudarra2, Javier Juste2, 3, and Carlos Ibáñez2
1c/ Paseo del Río Grande, no 7, 3o I (Edificio Donosti), 01320 Oyón (Álava), Spain
2Estación Biológica de Doñana (CSIC), P.O. Box 1056, 41080 Sevilla, Spain
3Corresponding author: E-mail: Ten adres pocztowy jest chroniony przed spamowaniem. Aby go zobaczyć, konieczne jest włączenie w przeglądarce obsługi JavaScript.
In a survey of bats from La Rioja (Spain), several specimens of the mystacinus group were captured at different mountain localities. Genetic and morphologic analyses have revealed the presence of two lineages within this group in La Rioja. The lineages have been identified as corresponding to two different species: Myotis mystacinus sensu stricto and the recently described M. alcathoe. Both species were found using the same nocturnal refugia (caves) and the same forest habitats. This study extends the distribution of M. alcathoe west and southwards and adds a new mammal species to the Iberian fauna.
Key words: bats, Myotis mystacinus, M. alcathoe, distribution, Iberia, mtDNA
Acta Chiropterologica, 6(1): 59-74, 2004
PL ISSN 1508-1109 Š Museum and Institute of Zoology PAS
Patterns of diversity in cranial shape among plant-visiting bats
Elizabeth R. Dumont
Department of Biology, Morrill Science Center, University of Massachusetts, 611 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01003, USA; E-mail: Ten adres pocztowy jest chroniony przed spamowaniem. Aby go zobaczyć, konieczne jest włączenie w przeglądarce obsługi JavaScript.
Adaptations to a plant-based diet have evolved in bats on two occasions Ą once in the Old World family Pteropodidae and again within the New World family Phyllostomidae. Although the skulls of all plant-visiting bats exhibit adaptations for relatively large eyes, enlarged brains, and reduced molar complexity, the skulls of bats from the two families look very different. The goals of this study are to pinpoint the fundamental differences in the cranial shape between pteropodids and plant-visiting phyllostomids and to investigate patterns of diversity in cranial shape within each lineage. Analyses are based on 19 size adjusted, linear variables collected from 335 specimens that represent 71% of pteropodid and 45% of plant-visiting phyllostomid genera. Results of a stepwise discriminant function analysis indicate that differences in cranial shape between pteropodids and plant-visiting phyllostomids involve general aspects of relative braincase width, palate width and coronoid process height. Pteropodids have relatively narrow skulls and palates, and dentaries with tall coronoid processes, while the opposite is true of phyllostomids. Principal components analysis and an investigation of coefficients of variation reveal a high level of variation among the skulls of plant-visiting phyllostomids while cranial architecture among pteropodids is more conservative. This study documents patterns of morphological diversity in the skulls of plant-visiting bats. Several potential ecological and biomechanical mechanisms underlying these patterns are discussed.
Key words: Pteropodidae, Phyllostomidae, plant-visiting, cranial shape, diversity, constraint
Acta Chiropterologica, 6(1): 75-90, 2004
PL ISSN 1508-1109 Š Museum and Institute of Zoology PAS
Echolocation calls and wing morphology of bats from the West Indies
Nancy Vaughan Jennings1, Stuart Parsons2, Kate E. Barlow3, and Michael R. Gannon4
1School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Woodland Road, Bristol BS8 1UG, United Kingdom
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2School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
32 The Paddock, Seton Mains, Longniddry, East Lothian, EH32 0PG, United Kingdom
Previous address: School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Woodland Road, Bristol BS8 1UG, United Kingdom
4Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, Altoona College, 3000 Ivyside Park
Altoona, PA 16601-3760, USA
Echolocation calls of 119 bats belonging to 12 species in three families from Antillean islands of Puerto Rico, Dominica, and St. Vincent were recorded by using time-expansion methods. Spectrograms of calls and descriptive statistics of five temporal and frequency variables measured from calls are presented. The echolocation calls of many of these species, particularly those in the family Phyllostomidae, have not been described previously. The wing morphology of each taxon is described and related to the structure of its echolocation calls and its foraging ecology. Of slow aerial-hawking insectivores, the Mormoopidae and Natalidae Mormoops blainvillii, Pteronotus davyi davyi, P. quadridens fuliginosus, and Natalus stramineus stramineus can forage with great manoeuvrability in background-cluttered space (close to vegetation), and are able to hover. Pteronotus parnellii portoricensis is able to fly and echolocate in highly-cluttered space (dense vegetation). Among frugivores, nectarivores and omnivores in the family Phyllostomidae, Brachyphylla cavernarum intermedia is adapted to foraging in the edges of vegetation in background-cluttered space, while Erophylla bombifrons bombifrons, Glossophaga longirostris rostrata, Artibeus jamaicensis jamaicensis, A. jamaicensis schwartzi and Stenoderma rufum darioi are adapted to foraging under canopies in highly-cluttered space and do not have speed or efficiency in commuting flight. In contrast, Monophyllus plethodon luciae, Sturnira lilium angeli and S. lilium paulsoni are adapted to fly in highly-cluttered space, but can also fly fast and efficiently in open areas.
Key words: Antilles, eco-morphology, flight, Neotropics, sonograms, time expansion, ultrasound
Acta Chiropterologica, 6(1): 91-97, 2004
PL ISSN 1508-1109 Š Museum and Institute of Zoology PAS
Echolocation calls of Myotis lucifugus and M. leibii (Vespertilionidae) flying inside a room and outside
Maya Mukhida1, Jazmine Orprecio2, and M. Brock Fenton2, 3
1Department of Biology, QueenŃs University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6
2Department of Biology, York University, North York, Ontario, Canada M3J 1P3
3Present address and corresponding author: Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario,
London, Canada ON N6A 5B7; Ten adres pocztowy jest chroniony przed spamowaniem. Aby go zobaczyć, konieczne jest włączenie w przeglądarce obsługi JavaScript.
The purpose of this study was to compare the echolocation calls of the same four individual Myotis lucifugus and Myotis leibii flying inside a closed room and when released outside. Echolocation calls were recorded using a Pettersson D980 bat detector, the high frequency output fed into a personal computer via an F2000 Control Filter and an Ines High speed card. Recorded as .wav files, recordings were analyzed with BatSoundPro. We measured call duration (DUR in ms), frequency with maximum energy (FMAX in kHz), highest frequency (HF in kHz), lowest frequency (LF in kHz), and inter-pulse interval (IPI in ms). Multivariate Analyses of Variance (MANOVA) indicated significant differences in call features between species, between settings, between species in each setting, and finally between settings for each individual. Discriminant Function Analyses (DFA) revealed that inside DUR was the most important parameter distinguishing M. lucifugus from M. leibii, with 66.3% correct classification, while outside, the two species were distinguished 78.8% of the time by LF. The data demonstrate that the same individuals flying in confined spaces change the details of their echolocation calls compared to when flying in the open. Calls produced inside are shorter in DUR and are produced at shorter IPIs than calls produced outside. FMAX differed most between the calls of M. lucifugus and M. leibii whether flying inside or outside. Differences between echolocation calls were more pronounced between setting (inside versus outside) than between species.
Key words: Myotis lucifugus, M. leibii, echolocation, inside, outside
Acta Chiropterologica, 6(1): 99-110, 2004
PL ISSN 1508-1109 Š Museum and Institute of Zoology PAS
Foraging behaviour and habitat use by the European free-tailed bat
Tadarida teniotis
J. Tiago Marques1, Ana Rainho2, Mafalda Carapuço3, Paulo Oliveira3,
and Jorge M. Palmeirim4
1UMC Ą Unidade de Macroecologia e Conservação, Universidade de Évora, Antiga Fábrica dos Leões, 7000 Évora, Portugal; E-mail: Ten adres pocztowy jest chroniony przed spamowaniem. Aby go zobaczyć, konieczne jest włączenie w przeglądarce obsługi JavaScript.
2Instituto de Conservação da Natureza, Rua de Santa Marta, 55, 1150-294 Lisboa, Portugal
3Laboratório Marítimo da Guia Ą Instituto do Mar, Estrada do Guincho, 2750 Cascais, Portugal
4Centro de Biologia Ambiental e Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Cięncias da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
Autumnal foraging behaviour and habitat use by Tadarida teniotis were studied in Southern Portugal, using seventeen radio-marked individuals, followed over multiple nights from fixed and mobile stations. Tadarida teniotis proved to be a late emerger, leaving the roost about one hour after sunset and, in contrast to most insectivorous bat species, only had one foraging bout. These bouts were very long, lasting an average of 6 hours and 39 minutes. Bout duration was unrelated to climatic conditions and so probably determined by foraging success. In the early evening almost all bats were foraging, but this activity declined steadily through the night. They kept flying even during fairly cold nights, but did not leave the roost on the coldest nights, in which they probably remained in torpor. As predicted by its body mass and wing morphology, T. teniotis was found to be a strong flyer, reaching speeds of over 50 km/h, and flying for up to 10 hours without resting periods. The observed speeds were 2.5 times higher than the predicted maximum range speed, which may be possible due to peculiar adaptations to high-speed flight. On most nights bats flew straight to a previously identified feeding site, but on a few they made slower indirect flights, suggesting a search for profitable foraging areas. Upon arriving to a feeding site most bats remained there for the rest of the foraging trip. The median size of these sites was just over 100 ha. Several tracked bats used the same feeding area simultaneously. The range of the colony had a radius of over 30 km, but most feeding sites were concentrated in a mountainous region located about 5 km north of the roost. The studied bats foraged preferentially over forested areas, particularly pine and cork oak woodlands. They used both alluvial plains and the valleys of a mountainous area, but not its ridges. Our observations support the hypothesis that T. teniotis is an opportunistic forager, depending on temporary concentrations of prey, such as insect swarms.
Key words: Tadarida teniotis, Molossidae, foraging, flight-speed, habitat selection, radio-tracking
Acta Chiropterologica, 6(1): 111-119, 2004
PL ISSN 1508-1109 Š Museum and Institute of Zoology PAS
Observations on the role of frugivorous bats as seed dispersers in
Costa Rican secondary humid forests
Jorge E. Lopez1, 2 and Christopher Vaughan1, 3, 4
1Regional Wildlife Management Program, Universidad Nacional, Apartado 1359, Heredia, Costa Rica
2Current address: Universidad de San Carlos, Guatemala, Guatemala
3Current address: Department of Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 and Milwaukee Public Museum, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA
3Corresponding author and requests for reprints: E-mail: Ten adres pocztowy jest chroniony przed spamowaniem. Aby go zobaczyć, konieczne jest włączenie w przeglądarce obsługi JavaScript.
The role of frugivorous bats as seed dispersers in humid neotropical tropical forests was evaluated between January and August 1995. Thirty germination trials were set up using seeds defecated by six bat species. Seeds of Piper multiplinervium and Ficus insipida, defecated by Carollia brevicauda and Artibeus jamaicensis, respectively, showed significantly higher germination percentages than seeds not ingested by bats. Of seven seed species regurgitated by bats, only Markea neurantha showed significant increases in percent germination compared to seeds not ingested by bats. Of 19 tents and three active feeding roosts found, 12 tents and three feeding roosts were in primary forest, while six tents were in abandoned plantations. For tent construction, four bat species used six plant species. Fifty-two percent of seeds found under tents and feeding roosts were from secondary forest species. Twenty-two percent of seed species in fecal samples from netted bats in three secondary forest types were primary forest species. Bats in our study dispersed seeds between different habitat types.
Key words: Costa Rica, frugivorous bats, germination, La Selva Biological Station, seed dispersal
Chiropterologica, 6(1): 121-144, 2004
PL ISSN 1508-1109 Š Museum and Institute of Zoology PAS
Sex and age related habitat selection and mass dynamics of DaubentonŃs bats Myotis daubentonii (Kuhl, 1817) hibernating in natural conditions
Tomasz Kokurewicz
Agricultural University of Wrocław, Department of Zoology and Ecology, Kożuchowska 5b, 51 631 Wrocław, Poland;
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The selection of optimal hibernation temperature (TH) was possible by bats changing both the distance at which they roosted from the mine entrance (D) (TH versus D; rs = 0.73, n = 615, P < 0.001), and the height of hibernation place (H) (TH vs. H; rs = 0.16, n = 412, P < 0.01). Bats were able to select areas of high relative humidity (RH) by roosting in low temperature (RH vs. TH; rs = -0.26, n = 366, P < 0.001) and/or by selecting hibernation places situated lower on the mine walls (RH vs. H; rs = -0.61, n = 280, P < 0.001). Sub-adult bats (identified by presence of the black chin spot) were found to hibernate at significantly lower temperatures (Z = -3.1, n1 = 164, n2 = 41, P < 0.01) and in places situated lower on the mine walls (Z = -2.2, n1 = 164, n2 = 41, P < 0.05) than adult individuals. In March sub-adults hibernated closer to the entrance than adult individuals (c2 = 8.18, d.f. = 1, P < 0.01). The difference in average body condition index between sub-adult and adult bats recorded in March (one-way ANOVA, F = 6.56, error d.f. = 51, P < 0.05) made individuals in their first year of life more prone to starvation at the end of hibernation period. In this month the significantly smaller distance of hibernation place of sub-adult individuals from the mine entrance (Z = -2.7, n1 = 58, n2 = 19, P < 0.01), resulted in significantly lower hibernation temperature, making them more endangered by predation of mammalian and avian species than adult bats hibernating deeper in the mine. The linear (r = 0.87, d.f. = 30, P < 0.001) relationship between body mass at the beginning and end of hibernation (November and March) of uniquely marked individuals indicates these bats did not forage in winter and their energy use was exclusively dependent on fat reserves accumulated prior to hibernation. The significant relationship between body mass in November and total mass loss (r = 0.59, d.f. = 30, P < 0.001) could indicate the possibility of existence of another factor, or group of factors, that could increase the energy use in hibernating M. daubentonii. These may include mating and/or energy costly defence against predators.
Key words: Myotis daubentonii, hibernation, mass dynamics, habitat selection, predation
Chiropterologica, 6(1): 145-154, 2004
PL ISSN 1508-1109 Š Museum and Institute of Zoology PAS
Population size and survival in the Indian false
vampire bat Megaderma lyra
Kandula Sripathi, Hanumanthan Raghuram, Raman Rajasekar, Thangavel Karuppudurai, and Suba Gnana Abraham
Department of Animal Behaviour and Physiology, School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai 625 021, India; E-mail of SK: Ten adres pocztowy jest chroniony przed spamowaniem. Aby go zobaczyć, konieczne jest włączenie w przeglądarce obsługi JavaScript.
We used the Jolly-Seber method to analyze mark-recapture data and estimate both survival and population size in the Indian false vampire bat Megaderma lyra in Madurai (South India). Population size of bats from 2001 to 2003 varied from 379 to 476, and showed fluctuation in numbers for both sexes. The mean (ąSE) survival rate of females (1.26 ą 0.33) exceeded that of males (1.02 ą 0.16) although the differences were not statistically significant. We observed a gradual decline in reproduction as indicated by the number of pups born in each year. This was consistent with a declining trend in population size from 1995 to 2003. We hypothesize a few reasons for this fall in population size, including habitat destruction and human poaching of bats.
Key words: mark-recapture, Jolly-Seber, population estimation, survival rate, Megaderma lyra
Chiropterologica, 6(1): 155-161, 2004
PL ISSN 1508-1109 Š Museum and Institute of Zoology PAS
Postnatal growth and age estimation in the MehelyŃs
horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus mehelyi)
Mozafar Sharifi
Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Razi University, Kermanshah 67149, Iran
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Empirical growth curves were derived by measuring length of forearms, body mass and length of the total gap of the fourth metacarpal-phalangeal joint in a free ranging population of the MehelyŃs horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus mehelyi) in a maternity roost in western Iran. Length of forearm and body mass followed a linear pattern of growth until day 14 and subsequently decreased to reach a stable level. The length of the gap of the metacarpal-phalangeal joint showed an increase up to 10 days and decreased until it had closed at over 55 days. Initiation of flight occurred approximately four weeks after birth. During the first two weeks of postnatal growth, the body mass and the length of forearm of pups increased linearly at mean rates of 0.58 g/day and 1.55 mm/day, respectively. A method of estimation of age was derived from values of forearm length and the total gap of the four metacarpal-phalangeal joint during the preflight and post flight periods.
Key words: Rhinolophus mehelyi, postnatal growth, age estimation, body mass, forearm length, epiphyseal gap
Chiropterologica, 6(1): 163-168, 2004
PL ISSN 1508-1109 Š Museum and Institute of Zoology PAS
An evaluation of bat rabies prevention in the United States, based on an analysis from Pennsylvania
Linsey R. Olnhausen1 and Michael R. Gannon1, 2
1Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, Altoona College, Altoona, PA 16601-3760, USA
2Corresponding author: E-mail: Ten adres pocztowy jest chroniony przed spamowaniem. Aby go zobaczyć, konieczne jest włączenie w przeglądarce obsługi JavaScript.
Fear of bats as vectors of rabies is pervasive as a primary cause of their needless destruction, especially in the United States. Nevertheless, transmission from bats to humans is so rare that only 27 of 50 states have reported a single case since record keeping began in the 1940s, and fewer than 0.78 persons/year have been infected. We here analyze human rabies exposure records from the Pennsylvania Department of Health to document relative risks in one representative state. Rabies exposure from bats to humans was no more frequent than from dogs and significantly less than from cats. Yet, of these three, only bats are listed as high-risk vectors. Furthermore, we found that 85.4% of rabies diagnosed from bats was confined to just one of the stateŃs 11 species. These findings suggest that disproportionate emphasis on bats, combined with lumping all bat species into a single risk category, is counterproductive to public health interests, in addition to needlessly prejudicing the public against these highly beneficial, but declining animals.
Key words: Chiroptera, rabies, Lyssavirus, Rhabdoviridae, public health, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, infectious disease
Chiropterologica, 6(1): 169-175, 2004
PL ISSN 1508-1109 Š Museum and Institute of Zoology PAS
Kunz, T. H., and M. B. Fenton (eds). 2003. Bat ecology. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL, USA, 779 pp. ISBN 0-226-46206-4 (cloth), US$ 55.00
Adams, R. A. 2003. Bats of the Rocky Mountain West: natural history, ecology, and conservation. University Press of Colorado, Boulder, 289 pp. ISBN 0-87081-736-1 (pbk.), US$ 23.95
Csorba, G., P. Ujhelyi, and N. Thomas. 2003. Horseshoe bats of the World (Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae). Alana Books, BishopŃs Castle, Shropshire, xxxii + 160 pp. ISBN 0-9536049-1-8 (pbk.), GB£ 50.00
